Table of Contents

Preface	i
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!)	vii
Introduction	1
1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably	5
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology	8
3. How the Membrane Theory Began	10
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells	14
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution	26
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist	29
7. Legacy of the Nearly-Forgotten Pioneers	35
8. Aftermath of the Rout	40
8.1 The tiny Hungarian enclave under E. Ernst	40
8.2 The Leningrad school led by Nasonov and Troshin	41
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution	43
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)	47
10.1 A theory of selective accumulation of K+ over Na+	48
10.2 Experimental verifications of the LFCH. (and parts of AIH)	52
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water	74
11.1 Background	74
11.2 Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water and its world-wide confirmation	75
11.3 Theoretical and practical extensions of the PM theory (and confirmations)	81
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions	109
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane	115
13.1 Background	115
13.2 Ionic permeation	119
13.3 Water traffic into and out of living cells is bulk-phase limited	123
13.4 Permeability of living cells to water is orders of magnitudes faster than that of the phospholipid bilayer	126
13.5 Interfacial tension of living cell is too low to match that of a phospholipid bilayer	126
13.6 Ionophores strongly enhance K+ permeability through authentic continuous phospholipid bilayer but no impact on the K+ permeability of cell membrane of virtually all living cells	129
13.7 Strongly polarized-and-oriented water in lieu of phospholipid bilayer	131
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control	135
14.1 The launching of the association-induction hypothesis	136
(1) Prelude	136
(2) The c-value and a quantitative theory for the control of the rank order of ionic absorption	140
(3) The c-value analogue and its control of protein folding vs. water polarization	143
14.2 What distinguishes life from death at the cell and below-cell level? The new concept of the living state	148
(1) The living state	148
(2) The elementary living machine	152
(3) What distinguishes the dead state from the active living state	154
(4) What does food provide: energy or negative entropy?	155
14.3 Electronic mechanisms of remote, one-on-many control	156
(1) Electronic induction in proteins	158
(2) Cooperative interaction as the basis for abrupt and coherent transitions	164
(3) The classification of drugs and other cardinal adsorbents: EWC, EDC, EIC.	167
(4) ATP, the Queen of cardinal adsorbents, as an EWC	168
(5) What do drugs and other cardinal adsorbents do?	170
(6) How cardinal adsorbents produce across-the-board uniform change of distant sites	171
(7) Multiple control of single enzyme sites and gangs of pharmacological effector sites	175
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents	179
15.1 Selective solute distribution in living cells: cooperativity and control	180
15.2 The control of ion permeability	194
15.3 Salt-induced swelling of normal and injured cells	200
(1) Cell swelling in isotonic KCl	200
(2) Injury-induced cell swelling in isotonic NaCl	201
15.4 True active transport across bifacial epithelial cell layers and other bifacial systems	203
(1) Active Na+ transport across frog skin	205
(2) Active Rb+ transport into Nitella cell sap	207
15.5 The resting potential
(1) Historic background	209
(2) The close-contact-surface-adsorption (CSA) theory of cellular electric potentials	216
15.6 The action potential	225
(1) Hodgkin-Huxley theory of action potential	225
(1.1) No standing Na+ potential	225
(1.2) Na channel not specific to Na+	225
(2) The close-contact surface adsorption (CSA) theory of action potential	226
(2.1) The identification of the anionic groups mediating ionic permeation and generating the resting potential as beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups carried on cell surface proteins	229
(2.2) The selective preference for ions of the cell surface beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups is mutable, rather than fixed as in the ionic theory	229
(2.3) The anionic groups mediating the entry of Na+ into squid axons during an action potential are the same beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups but with a much higher c-value	230
(2.4) Swelling of nerve fibers accompanying an action potential	230
(2.5) The propagated c-value increase at the surface beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups goes pari passu with the depolarization of cell surface water molecules	231
16. Summary Plus	.
16.1 Early history	233
16.2 The membrane (pump) theory	233
16.3 Early protoplasm-oriented cell physiologists and their contributions	236
16.4. Ling's fixed charge hypothesis (LFCH)	237
16.5 The polarized multilayer (PM) theory of cell water	239
16.6 The association-induction hypothesis proper	242
(1) The resting living state	242
(2) Global coherence and internal connectedness in protoplasm	248
(3) Interpretation of the four classic physiological manifestations	250
(4) Physiological activities as reversible cooperative transitions mediated by inductive effects	254
(5) The death state	267
16.7 A sketch of the history of Mankind's search for understanding of life	270
17. Epilogue	272
Appendix 1	282
Super-Glossary	288
List of Abbreviations	330
List of Figures, Tables and Equations	333
References	334
Author Index	351
Subject Index	356
Acknowledgments	366
About the Author	371

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